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Foods. 2023 Apr 25;12(9):1774. doi: 10.3390/foods12091774.

ABSTRACT

Existing food trends and modern consumers’ nutritional preferences have led to a rising demand for plant-based sources of protein such as hemp seed meal and the possibility of consumption hemp-rich products, most often in wheat-based staple foods, such as pasta. Pasta, as a conventional food product, is widely consumed worldwide due to its nutritional value, long shelf life, easy preparation, versatility of uses and also relatively low cost, which has made this product popular over time. Five formulations of rigatoni-shaped pasta obtained by partial replacement of wheat grain flour with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% hemp seed meal (HSM) were studied regarding the technological, physicochemical, textural, antioxidant and sensory properties of the pasta samples. The substitution of wheat flour with hemp seed meal (HSM) led to a slight increase in the cooking loss (CL) and optimal cooking time (OCT) compared to the control sample, while the water absorption (WA) and swelling index (SI) decreased during evaluation. The experimental results also showed a decrease in luminosity and fracturability, with an increased firmness of pasta dough. Moreover, the developed pasta showed a significant improvement in antioxidant capacity in terms of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH). The pasta samples with 15% and 20% HSM substitutes experienced a browning process due to the Maillard reactions during drying, as well as a color loss during cooking; however, the color changes did not affect the acceptability of the product. The partial replacement of wheat flour with hemp seed protein highlighted the possibility of developing a new innovative type of pasta that claims a functional benefit and presents an improved nutritional value, mainly due to the partial protein intake, as well as certain benefits for a human diet.

PMID:37174312 | DOI:10.3390/foods12091774

Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2023 May 5. doi: 10.1007/s11130-023-01053-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and powder characterization of hempseed milk powders obtained by whole hempseed and cold-pressed whole hempseed paste (de-oiled). Whole hempseed and de-oiled hempseed paste were used to produce plant based milk powder applying spray drying process. The influence of oil content on physicochemical features, emulsion and rheological properties of the powders was examined. Results showed that dry content, total protein, loose density, tapped density, viscosity, foaming capacity and foaming stability of sprayed-powders produced in milk obtained using whole and de-oiled hemp seeds were not statistically different from each other (p > 0.05). By using de-oiled hempseed cake in feed solution preparation, spray dryer process efficiency increased from 31 to 44% without using any carrier agents. Hempseed powder product with improved properties such as apparent density, solubility, hygroscopicity and emulsion stability index was obtained.

PMID:37145380 | DOI:10.1007/s11130-023-01053-x

J Anim Sci. 2023 Apr 25:skad106. doi: 10.1093/jas/skad106. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The use of various hemp-derived products has been rapidly growing in the human nutrition industry and has sparked great interest in using these ingredients for companion animals as well. Thorough research is needed to determine the ingredient and safety standards required for AAFCO approval of hemp ingredients. In order to be effectively incorporated into pet food products, we must determine the nutrient content, quality, and utility of these ingredients in pet species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient composition of seeds from four different varieties of hemp, NWG 452, NWG 331, NWG 2730, X-59, and determine protein quality and true metabolizable energy using a cecetomized rooster model. The seeds were similar in macronutrient composition, with small variations in acid hydrolyzed fat, crude protein, total dietary fiber and gross energy content, as well as amino acid and long-chain fatty acid profiles. All essential amino acids were present in concentrations that exceeded the NRC (2006) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance with the exception of tryptophan. The long-chain fatty acid profile presented a favorable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids of close to 3.5:1. The results of the cecectomized rooster assay indicated no significant difference in the standardized amino acid digestibility of the indispensable amino acids among the seed varieties (P > 0.05). A significant difference in the true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen was observed among the seeds (P < 0.05), following the pattern of higher acid hydrolyzed fat and lower total dietary fiber content resulting in higher metabolizable energy. An adapted calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid score was made to determine protein quality of the hemp seeds using AAFCO nutrient profiles and NRC recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance as reference points. The resulting scores determined tryptophan to be the first limiting amino acid and indicate that hemp seeds alone do not meet all the amino acid requirements for adult dogs and cats at maintenance, and would need a complimentary protein source for practical use in companion animal diets. The data from this study suggest that hemp seeds may provide a beneficial source of fat, protein, and dietary fiber, with consideration to differences in nutrient profile among seed varieties. However, further investigation in vivo is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of utilizing hemp in the diets of both canines and felines.

PMID:37097066 | DOI:10.1093/jas/skad106

J Anim Sci. 2023 Jan 3;101:skad106. doi: 10.1093/jas/skad106.

ABSTRACT

The use of various hemp-derived products has been rapidly growing in the human nutrition industry and has sparked great interest in using these ingredients for companion animals as well. Thorough research is needed to determine the ingredient and safety standards required for AAFCO approval of hemp ingredients. In order to be effectively incorporated into pet food products, we must determine the nutrient content, quality, and utility of these ingredients in pet species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrient composition of seeds from four different varieties of hemp, NWG 452, NWG 331, NWG 2730, X-59, and determine protein quality and true metabolizable energy using a cecectomized rooster model. The seeds were similar in macronutrient composition, with small variations in acid hydrolyzed fat, crude protein, total dietary fiber and gross energy content, as well as amino acid and long-chain fatty acid profiles. All essential amino acids were present in concentrations that exceeded the NRC (2006) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance with the exception of tryptophan. The long-chain fatty acid profile presented a favorable ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids of close to 3.5:1. The results of the cecectomized rooster assay indicated no significant difference in the standardized amino acid digestibility of the indispensable amino acids among the seed varieties (P > 0.05). A significant difference in the true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen was observed among the seeds (P < 0.05), following the pattern of higher acid hydrolyzed fat and lower total dietary fiber content resulting in higher metabolizable energy. An adapted calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid score was made to determine protein quality of the hemp seeds using AAFCO nutrient profiles and NRC recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance as reference points. The resulting scores determined tryptophan to be the first limiting amino acid and indicate that hemp seeds alone do not meet all the amino acid requirements for adult dogs and cats at maintenance, and would need a complimentary protein source for practical use in companion animal diets. The data from this study suggest that hemp seeds may provide a beneficial source of fat, protein, and dietary fiber, with consideration to differences in nutrient profile among seed varieties. However, further investigation in vivo is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of utilizing hemp in the diets of both canines and felines.

PMID:37097066 | DOI:10.1093/jas/skad106

J Agric Food Chem. 2023 Apr 14. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00535. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Hemp seed-derived inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) demonstrate potential as novel therapeutics for diabetes; however, their proteome and genome remain uncharacterized. We used multi-omics technology to mine peptides capable of inhibiting DPP-IV. First, 1261 and 1184 proteins were identified in fresh and dry hemp seeds, respectively. Simulated protease cleavage of dry seed proteins yielded 185,446 peptides for virtual screening to select the potential DPP-IV-inhibiting peptides. Sixteen novel peptides were selected according to their DPP-IV-binding affinity determined via molecular docking. In vitro DPP-IV inhibition assays identified the peptides LPQNIPPL, YPYY, YPW, LPYPY, WWW, YPY, YPF, and WS with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values lower than 0.5 mM, which were 0.08 ± 0.01, 0.18 ± 0.03, 0.18 ± 0.01, 0.20 ± 0.03, 0.22 ± 0.03, 0.29 ± 0.02, 0.42 ± 0.03, and 0.44 ± 0.09 mM, respectively. The dissociation constants (K_D) of the 16 peptides ranged from 1.50 × 10^-4 to 1.82 × 10^-7 M. Furthermore, Caco2 and INS-1 cell assays showed that all 16 peptides could efficiently inhibit DPP-IV activity and increase insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations. These results demonstrate a well-established and efficient method to isolate food-derived therapeutic DPP-IV-inhibiting peptides.

PMID:37058363 | DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00535

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023 Apr 3. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03650-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

For decades hemp has been used as a therapeutic agent for enhancing immunity in animals. Current study was conceptualized to find out the protective role of dietary hemp seed products (hemp seed oil (HO) and hemp seed (HS)) against copper-induced toxicity in fish. Fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Rohu) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal) were exposed to copper at 20% of the 96 h LC₅₀ (1.34 and 1.52 ppm, respectively) for 30 days. Following Cu exposure, fish were maintained on two types of hemp (Cannabis sativa)-supplemented feeds, on graded levels of hemp seed oil (HO: 1%, 2%, 3%) and hemp seed (HS: 5%, 10%, 15%) for 50 days, while one group was the control (without any copper exposure as well as any supplementation). Copper exposure significantly increased (P < 0.05) WBCs, hematocrit, MCHV, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in L. rohita and also in C. mrigala as compared to control. Copper exposure also significantly (P < 0.05) changed lysozymes, plasma protein, and IgM in both species, in comparison to control. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were significantly (P < 0.05) changed by copper exposure in comparison to control in both species. Additionally, Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase were also significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the brain, gills, liver, and muscle of copper-exposed group in both species as compared to control. Interestingly, all the altered parameter of blood, serum, liver function tests, and antioxidant enzymes (in different organs) because of copper toxicity were successfully reverted to normal level in hemp seed oil (HO) and hemp seed (HS)-supplemented fed groups of both species. In conclusion, hemp seed supplementation showed significant (P < 0.05) improved results against copper toxicity. Thus, it could be recommended as an animal feed ingredient for its therapeutic role.

PMID:37010725 | DOI:10.1007/s12011-023-03650-y

Gels. 2023 Mar 13;9(3):216. doi: 10.3390/gels9030216.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to characterize the gelling effect of beeswax (BW) using different types of cold pressed oil. The organogels were produced by hot mixing sunflower oil, olive oil, walnut oil, grape seed oil and hemp seed oil with 3%, 7% and 11% beeswax. Characterization of the oleogels was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the chemical and physical properties of the oleogels were determined, the oil binding capacity was estimated and the SEM morphology was studied. The color differences were highlighted by the CIE Lab color scale for evaluating the psychometric index of brightness (L*), components a and b. Beeswax showed excellent gelling capacity at 3% (w/w) of 99.73% for grape seed oil and a minimum capacity of 64.34%for hemp seed oil. The value of the peroxide index is strongly correlated with the oleogelator concentration. Scanning electron microscopy described the morphology of the oleogels in the form of overlapping structures of platelets similar in structure, but dependent on the percentage of oleogelator added. The use in the food industry of oleogels from cold-pressed vegetable oils with white beeswax is conditioned by the ability to imitate the properties of conventional fats.

PMID:36975665 | DOI:10.3390/gels9030216

Animal. 2023 Apr;17(4):100765. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100765. Epub 2023 Mar 6.

ABSTRACT

The activity of enzymes in the digestive tract is an important parameter for appropriate digestive tract function. Feed mixtures can be adjusted to support enzymatic activity in different parts of the digestive tract. Flaxseed and hemp seed are commodities and significant sources of nutrition, and their addition to feed could change enzymatic activity in the digestive tract and improve nutritional intake. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of flaxseed, hemp seed and a combination of both on basic enzymes in the polysaccharidase group, such as amylase, cellulase, pectinase, xylanase and inulinase; basic enzymes in the disaccharidase group, including maltase, invertase and lactase; proteinases and lipases in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. During the experiment, the control group was fed a diet without flaxseed or hemp seed. The diet of the second group contained 80 g/kg flaxseed, the diet of the third group contained 40 g/kg hemp seed, and the diets of the fourth to sixth groups contained 80 and 30 g/kg, 80 and 40 g/kg and 80 and 50 g/kg flaxseed and hemp seed, respectively. Enzyme activity was found to depend on the location in the digestive tract and the composition of the feed mixture (P < 0.05). Most enzymatic conversion occurs in the ileum, where the addition of flaxseed and hemp seed to the diet increased most enzyme activities, namely, amylase, cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, maltase, invertase, proteinase and lipase activities. The highest values of enzyme activity were found in groups IV-VI fed a combination of flaxseed and hempseed, especially in chickens fed diet VI (flaxseed and hemp seed at 80 and 50 g/kg). Growth performance results confirmed the enzyme activity results, as the weights of the chickens increased after the addition of flaxseed and/or hemp seed. The findings have economic implications, suggesting that feeding a diet with a combination of flaxseed and hemp seed is beneficial.

PMID:36965210 | DOI:10.1016/j.animal.2023.100765

Food Res Int. 2023 Mar;165:112534. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112534. Epub 2023 Jan 25.

ABSTRACT

The high Fischer (F) ratio hemp peptide (HFHP) was prepared by enrichment using activated carbon adsorption, ultrafiltration, and Sephadex G-25 gel filtration chromatography. The OD₂₂₀/OD₂₈₀ ratio reached 47.1 with a molecular weight distribution from 180 to 980 Da, a peptide yield up to 21.7 %, and the F value was 31.5. HFHP had high scavenging ability of DPPH, hydroxyl free radicals, and superoxide. Mice experiments showed that the HFHP increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The HFHP had no effect on the body weight of mice, but prolonged their weight-bearing swimming time. The lactic acid, serum urea nitrogen, and malondialdehyde of the mice after swimming was reduced, and the liver glycogen increased. The correlation analysis indicated that the HFHP had significant anti-oxidation and anti-fatigue properties.

PMID:36869539 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112534

Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 17;24(4):4078. doi: 10.3390/ijms24044078.

ABSTRACT

Hempseed is a nutrient-rich natural resource, and high levels of hempseed oil accumulate within hemp seeds, consisting primarily of different triglycerides. Members of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme family play critical roles in catalyzing triacylglycerol biosynthesis in plants, often governing the rate-limiting step in this process. As such, this study was designed to characterize the Cannabis sativa DGAT (CsDGAT) gene family in detail. Genomic analyses of the C. sativa revealed 10 candidate DGAT genes that were classified into four families (DGAT1, DGAT2, DGAT3, WS/DGAT) based on the features of different isoforms. Members of the CsDGAT family were found to be associated with large numbers of cis-acting promoter elements, including plant response elements, plant hormone response elements, light response elements, and stress response elements, suggesting roles for these genes in key processes such as development, environmental adaptation, and abiotic stress responses. Profiling of these genes in various tissues and varieties revealed varying spatial patterns of CsDGAT expression dynamics and differences in expression among C. sativa varieties, suggesting that the members of this gene family likely play distinct functional regulatory functions CsDGAT genes were upregulated in response to cold stress, and significant differences in the mode of regulation were observed when comparing roots and leaves, indicating that CsDGAT genes may play positive roles as regulators of cold responses in hemp while also playing distinct roles in shaping the responses of different parts of hemp seedlings to cold exposure. These data provide a robust basis for further functional studies of this gene family, supporting future efforts to screen the significance of CsDGAT candidate genes to validate their functions to improve hempseed oil composition.

PMID:36835488 | PMC:PMC9963917 | DOI:10.3390/ijms24044078

Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Jan 18;59(2):191. doi: 10.3390/medicina59020191.

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives: Nutraceuticals are gaining more and more importance as a knee osteoarthritis (KOA) complementary treatment. Among nutraceuticals, hemp seed oil and terpenes are proving to be very useful as therapeutic support for many chronic diseases, but there are still few studies regarding their effectiveness for treating KOA, both in combination and separately. The aim of this study is thus to compare the effect of two dietary supplements, both containing hemp seed oil, but of which only one also contains terpenes, in relieving pain and improving joint function in patients suffering from KOA. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight patients were recruited and divided into two groups. The control group underwent a 45 day treatment with a hemp seed oil-based dietary supplement, while the treatment group assumed a hemp seed oil and terpenes dietary supplement for the same period. Patients were evaluated at the enrollment (T0) and at the end of treatment (T1). Outcome measures were: Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Short-Form-12 (SF-12), Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Results: All outcome measures improved at T1 in both groups, but NRS, KOOS and OKS had a greater significant improvement in the treatment group only. Conclusions: Hemp seed oil and terpenes resulted a more effective integrative treatment option in KOA, improving joint pain and function and representing a good complementary option for patients suffering from osteoarthritis.

PMID:36837393 | PMC:PMC9960141 | DOI:10.3390/medicina59020191

Plants (Basel). 2023 Feb 9;12(4):782. doi: 10.3390/plants12040782.

ABSTRACT

Cannabis sativa (hemp) seeds are considered a functional food for their favorable contents of essential fatty acids, proteins and antioxidants. Beyond phenolics and carotenoids, the bioactivity of proteins has recently been investigated. However, plant genotype and environmental conditions can affect quantity and quality of macronutrients and phytochemicals in seeds, influencing their nutraceutical properties. In this study, the effects of plant variety and seed origin on the protein profile and antioxidant activity of hemp seeds were evaluated. Seeds from two cultivars, Secuieni Jubileu and Finola, were harvested from a mountain field located in Italy and compared with reference seeds used for sowing. Albumin and globulin extracts were obtained using the Osborne method and their antioxidant power was assayed (DPPH and ABTS methods). A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry method was developed for protein fingerprinting analysis. Albumins from seeds of the mountain site showed higher radical scavenging activity and compounds of lower molecular weight than reference seeds, suggesting a role of proteins in the observed bioactivity. The MALDI-TOF method discriminated samples according to origin and variety, highlighting changes in the protein profile and identifying signals which could be used as markers of hemp cultivars.

PMID:36840130 | DOI:10.3390/plants12040782

Foods. 2023 Feb 3;12(3):661. doi: 10.3390/foods12030661.

ABSTRACT

Cold-pressed hemp seed oil (CP-HSO) has become available on the market and is gaining popularity mainly for its appeal and nutritional profile. The sensory quality largely depends on seed quality and processing as well as oil storage conditions. Given the “native” nature of the product, obtained by cold-pressing, the development of a standardized methodology to evaluate and describe the sensory quality of HSOs is of the utmost importance. To this aim, 16 commercial HSOs were evaluated, covering the main differences in brands and sales channels. A trained panel developed a vocabulary to describe the HSO profile consisting of 44 attributes, and a practical sensory wheel was proposed to classify attributes in different clusters and according to sensory modality. A sensory profile sheet was developed including two color descriptors (yellow, green), seven main positive (sunflower/pumpkin seeds, nutty, toasted nutty, hay, sweet, bitter, and pungent), several secondary positive (herbs, coffee, tobacco, etc.), four main defects (rancid, paint, burnt, and fish), and other secondary negative descriptors (boiled vegetables, cucumber, etc.). Subsequently, specific training of the panelists was carried out, and a satisfactory performance level was reached. This study represents the first attempt to standardize the sensory quality and terminology of HSO.

PMID:36766191 | DOI:10.3390/foods12030661

Int J Biol Macromol. 2023 Feb 2:123521. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123521. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In this study, the effects of ultrasound and chlorogenic acid (CA) on the structural and functional properties of hemp seed protein (HSP) was investigated. Compared with natural HSP, the UV-vis spectra intensity of ultrasound-treated HSP (UHSP) and UHSP-CA increased, the fluorescence spectra intensity decreased with a red shift in the maximum intensity peak. The results showed that ultrasound modification and complexation with CA unfolded the structure of HSP exposing its internal groups. Fluorescence quenching analysis showed that the best binding between UHSP and CA (binding constant 2.94 × 10² L/mol) was achieved at 450 W for 15 min of ultrasound treatment. In addition, the same ultrasound conditions minimized the particle size and surface roughness of UHSP and UHSP-CA. The solubility of UHSP and UHSP-CA increased by 23.3 and 38.7 %, the emulsifying activity index increased by 16.9 and 16.2 %, and the emulsion stability index increased by 20.9 and 20.8 %, respectively. These results indicated that appropriate ultrasound treatment and complexation with CA can significantly modify the structural and functional properties of HSP, improving its application value in the food field.

PMID:36739056 | DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123521